How Do Lady Macbeths Words and Actions free essay sample

How do Lady Macbeth’s words and actions in Act 5 Scene 1 contrast with her comments and deeds in Act 2 Scene 2? In Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth is strong, confident and cold. She knows that her husband Macbeth has killed King Duncan, and that she smeared his blood on the guards to make it look like they killed the King but she acts as if everything is fine. When Macbeth is panicking, Lady Macbeth says to him â€Å"these deeds must not be thought after these ways. So it will make us mad. † She is saying to him that if they keep thinking about what they it will drive them crazy. This is ironic because in Act 5 Scene 1 it becomes extremely clear when Lady Macbeth begins sleepwalking that she is the one who is thinking of nothing else but their heinous crimes and it is making her mentally unstable. In Act 5 Scene 1, when Lady Macbeth begins sleepwalking she says â€Å"out, damned spot! Out I say†¦ What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account? † The use of repetition and the imperative â€Å"out† suggests that she is trying to command the spot to leave her hands, and the exclamation mark implies a sense of urgency and desperation. We will write a custom essay sample on How Do Lady Macbeths Words and Actions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rhetorical question suggests that Lady Macbeth knows that she is trying to convince herself that no-one can lay the guilt on her and Macbeth. This is a complete turnaround from her comments in Act 2 Scene 2 when Macbeth says â€Å"will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? † and Lady Macbeth replies by saying â€Å"a little water clears us of this deed. † She is once again dismissing her husband’s fear and just telling him to wash his hands as if it is dirt he has on his hands rather than the King’s blood. Here, she is in complete control but in Act 5 Scene 1 she is showing that she is a lot more psychologically tortured then she first let on. When Macbeth comes back to Lady Macbeth in Act 2 Scene 2 after he has committed regicide, he doesn’t want to continue with the plan which was to smear King Duncan’s blood on the guards, to make them seem guilty, Lady Macbeth says â€Å"Infirm of purpose! Give me the daggers. I’ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt. This shows Lady Macbeth’s authoritative qualities as she demands Macbeth to hand her the daggers by using the imperative â€Å"give†. She is determined that the guards should be blamed for the murder of King Duncan. However, in Act 5 Scene 1 she asks the rhetorical question â€Å"yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? † Even though we know Lady Macbeth’s involvement in King Duncan’s murder, there is a sense of innoc ence in the rhetorical question, like when a child asks a question because they have no idea what the answer should be. It also seems as if this is the first time she has been so intimate near to a dead body so she doesn’t know what to expect and is shocked that someone bleeds so much when you murder them. When Lady Macbeth says â€Å"old man† this is strange, as the audience know the man she is referring to is King Duncan and although he was an old man, that is not the correct way to address him. The reference to an â€Å"old man† could be her talking about her father, who she said earlier that â€Å"hah he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done‘t. † In the end, it turns out that Lady Macbeth isn’t as strong and in control as she pretends to be. She is incapable of withstanding the repercussions of her immoral acts. Her mounting madness and her guilt-racked state show how hollow and ineffective her words and actions have become. Once Lady Macbeth finally starts to feel guilty for her actions, her sensitivity acts against her and becomes a weakness and it is evident that she can no longer cope. Significantly, this shows that whenever you commit a crime, the guilt will always eat away at you. No matter how long it takes.

The Spanish Conquest Essay Example

The Spanish Conquest Essay Example The Spanish Conquest Essay The Spanish Conquest Essay The Spanish conquest of the Aztecs in 1521, led by Hernando Cortes, was a landmark victory for the European settlers. Following the Spanish arrival in Mexico, a huge battle erupted between the army of Cortes and the Aztec people under the rule of Montezuma. The Aztecs are a tribe, according to their own legends, from Aztlan somewhere in the north of modern Mexico. A major part of their life was religion. A polytheistic people, they often practiced human sacrifice to please their gods . The Aztecs had good wealth from trading and heavy payments of tribute from conquered people. According to legend, the god Quetzalcoatl, characterized by light skin, red hair, and light eyes, was supposed to return to earth. This appearance is very similar to Hernando Cortez’s appearance, and why the Aztecs greeted the Spaniards with food, gold, and women one of them, known to the Spaniards as Dona Marina, becomes Cortes mistress and interpreter . In November 1519 when Cortes approaches Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztecs, his small force is augmented by 1000 Tlaxtalecs . But to the astonishment of the Spaniards, no force is needed. Cortes wasted no time in taking claim for god and King. He challenged the natives and entered Tenochtitlan, taking the Aztec leader, Montezuma, hostage which led to the Aztec uprising that culminated in La Noche Triste . The Spaniards had the advantage over the Aztecs in every way except for numbers. They had strange animals that the Aztecs had never seen before such as the horse, which they thought were connected to the Spaniards. The horses allowed the Spaniards to tower over the battling Aztecs giving them an advantage on spotting on coming attacks. The Spaniards also had guns, swords, cannons, and metal shields to protect their bodies . The Aztecs didn’t try to kill the Spaniards but instead tried to use them as sacrifices. They’d beat them with their wooden weapons or throw spears at them to injure them. Despite Cortes’s encountering a few setbacks, there was no contest, and he managed to subdue five million Aztecs with his tiny army. Not only did they beat the Aztecs in battle, the diseases syphilis and smallpox helped them by killing off half of the Aztecs . Aside from this negative aspect of the European discovery of the New World, the Spaniards had some positive effects on the native population. They introduced domestic animals like horses, sheep, cattle, and pigs to the American Continent. Furthermore, they brought sugar, and different kinds of grains and fruits with them.

Employee relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Employee relation - Essay Example The unitary frame of reference is common among managers and it suggests the idea of unity, as the name implies. It means that all people in the organization are collectively working towards one goal with one central authority or managerial team. It also suggests that all the people working in an organization should have well-established ideas regarding the oneness of authority and conflict should be abhorred. In stark contrast, the pluralistic frame of reference suggests that each person working in an organization has varying interest, ideas, preferences, and opinions. There is no unity when responses are conditioned in such a way. Interest groups are formed within an organization and they have to struggle a lot for gaining their particular individual goals. Each group has drastically different interests and the manager’s role is to balance those interests effectively for achieving such objectives that are fruitful for an organization. Trade unions are made by the members of an organization themselves in order to protect their rights, interests and other betterment-oriented objectives. Most of the trade unions operate independently but some remain in constant contact with the employers in order to struggle together for achieving the same goals and desires. Now, the industrial or employee relations are based on the negotiation or discussion of those rights and demands of the employees that they want from their employers. Trade unionism has direct effects on the employee relations and it markedly molds those relations according to the nature of the scenario and the severity of the problems. According to (HRM Guide, 2010), the concept and significance of trade unionism is shifting now. The age of mass production is almost gone now and the present age is of individualism that does not support much the concept of trade unionism. This suggests that trade unionism is on a decline presently in most of the

Operation management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Operation management - Case Study Example The input transformation output model reflects the transformational process where the inputs gained are transformed or converted into saleable outputs. The model reflects the feeding of inputs to a transformational box for being converted into outputs. An ideal Input-Output Transformational Model can be divided into different subparts such that each of the different subparts reflects on the different types of sub-operations that are being carried out to produce the final output (Mahadevan, 2009). Inputs generated are subjected to conversions such that they are transformed into effective outputs which are then marketed at a given rate. The input-output transformational model can be essentially reflected as under. The above model reflects on the different type of inputs that are fed into the transformational block to be converted into meaningful outputs. Each of the different grids reflect the different types of operational processes that are being carried out relating to the corresponding inputs to produce the desired output (Gupta & Starr, 2014). The application of the input-output transformational process related to the case study reflects that different inputs related to the raw materials pertaining to harvesting of lettuce in the fields of Lincolnshire and also the manpower involved in the harvesting, reaping, packing and sorting process. The operational activities relating to harvesting of lettuce is carried out in the fields such that the same is linked to a factory outlet where the employees operate to dress the raw materials and in making them ready to be packed and sold in the market. The transformational stage relating to the harvesting Lettuce in the fields of Lincolnshire operations pertain to the dressing of the lettuces and putting them into packets. A fraction of the manpower is involved relating to the creation of boxes or creates in which the harvested

UNit 8 Written Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UNit 8 Written Assignment - Essay Example The clients rights include: to be diligently served in the management of his business; to be informed of its progress, and; that his counsel shall not disclose what has been professionally confided to him. (Garner, 2007) The term witness is defined as one who can give a firsthand account of something seen, heard, or experienced. (Garner, 2007) An example is â€Å"a witness to the accident†. For legal purposes, a witness is :One who is called on to testify before a court; One who is called on to be present at a transaction in order to attest to what takes place; One who signs ones name to a document for the purpose of attesting to its authenticity and an attestation to a fact, statement, or event. (Garner, 2007) The initial interview is, of course, the one unit of service that is constant across all forms of legal service delivery. It is also one of the most critical units of service. The initial interview: (1) shapes client perception of the lawyer; (2) defines the service to be provided in terms of both problem and goal; and (3) is an important opportunity for client education, e.g. confidentiality, substantive legal rights, what the client can do for himself or herself, and the need to preserve evidence. (Alfieri 1991) In many cases the initial interview may in fact be the most significant communication before outcome determinative events such as hearing or settlement. The duty of confidentiality exists to inspire client trust and prompt candor. To achieve these purposes, clients should be informed about confidentiality at the very outset of the relationship. The most important the time to bring up attorney-client confidentiality is when you start asking questions, and offer the followin g sample statement: The witness is not interviewed in the same way as the client. The witness does not have confidentiality protections, thus they are

Bacterial Vector: Delivery of Plasmid Mediated DNA Vaccine

Bacterial Vector: Delivery of Plasmid Mediated DNA Vaccine Abstract / Introduction: The United Nations recently estimated that the worlds population has exceeded seven billion people. It is projected that approximately 16% of this population rely on fish as a principal source of the protein obtained from animals [1]. However, many wild stocks of fish have begun to collapse due to destructive overfishing and damage caused to aquatic ecosystems by climate change. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic species under environmentally managed conditions and is increasingly used throughout the world as a major food production method, providing approximately half of the fish consumed globally [3]. Sustainable aquaculture will play an important role in meeting the food requirements of a growing population while reducing the impact commercial fishing plays on overexploited and endangered species. Of critical importance when raising aquatic organisms under densely populated conditions is disease prevention. In an aquaculture setting with large populations of fish in close quart ers, bacterial and viral pathogens can spread rapidly partially due to the efficacy of transmission in water [4]. Therefore, an important consideration in moving towards sustainable aquaculture is effective and efficient prophylactic methods for preventing infection. Reduction of labour and material costs is of major concern in aquaculture disease management, therefore manual vaccination methods, such as intramuscular injection, are not considered viable in this regard. Salmon are a fish species of major commercial aquaculture relevance and as such, disease prevention in these farming scenarios is of substantial economic and environmental concern [5, 6]. One disease of relevance to farmed salmon species is the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a.k.a. Chinook salmon disease. It is a rhabdovirus whose genome encodes a glycoprotein, which presents as a viral antigen [7, 8], and is a pathogen that causes deadly disease in many salmonid species of fish. Since its discovery in the 1950s, IHNV has spread throughout North America, as well as to Asian and European countries. It causes necrosis and hemorrhage within infected fish, commonly in the kidney and spleen, and induces high mortality in young fry [9]. It can be particularly devastating in the densely populated aquaculture setting. Given the environmental sustainability and economic importance of commercially farmed salmon globally, it is therefore of importance to develop practical cost- effective methods for vaccinating large populations of fish against diseases such as IHNV. Gene based vaccines have been shown to be able to deliver plasmid-encoded DNA (pDNA) to fish cell cultures in vitro [10]. The protein produced inside the animal cell is treated as a foreign antigen, and can cause a protective immune response against a pathogen such as a bacteria or virus. Objectives / Methodology: The aims of this proposed research program are several fold. The objectives are to develop and test an appropriate bacterial vector for the delivery of a plasmid mediated DNA vaccine in an aquaculture environment. This vector will be assessed using molecular methods for efficacy within a suitable in vitro model system to examine the ability to deliver an immunologically relevant product of interest. This system will then be evaluated for effectiveness against pathogenic challenge within an appropriate in vivo model system. The hypothesis driving this proposal is that an engineered bacterial vector can effectively deliver a plasmid mediated gene vaccine within salmonid, and protect against a lethal challenge of a species and commercially relevant pathogen. Previous studies suggest that this is a worthwhile and meaningful pursuit in the global aquaculture context [11, 12]. Effective DNA vaccines against IHNV have previously been developed, however these types of vaccines have been hist orically delivered by intramuscular injection [11]. Several alternative methods of DNA vaccine delivery have been explored for including liposomes and ultrasound [13]. Though these methods present issues such as training, equipment costs, and sub-optimal vaccine delivery. An ideal scenario in an aquaculture context would involve a relatively inexpensive delivery vector (e.g. bacteria) carrying a vaccine, which can be easily dosed directly into the environment and induce a protective immunity within the population. The concept of using attenuated bacteria as DNA delivery vectors has been explored for some time [14, 15]. In prior studies, Escherichia coli have been shown to be capable of successfully acting as DNA delivery vectors to mammalian cells in vitro [12, 16]. For aquaculture settings, employing pathogens of human concern, even if attenuated, have regulatory and health concerns. For this reason delivery vectors such as E. coli are not ideal. In this study, an attenuated version of the salmonid pathogen Yersinia ruckeri, the cause of enteric redmouth disease (ERD) will be utilized. The rationale for using this attenuated vector is that it is a naturally occurring fish pathogen, in addition, it is not of human health concern. Furthermore, there is potential that the vector itself may induce immunity against ERD acting as a bivalent vaccine. Previous reports using attenuated bacteria as a vector for gene delivery indicate that release of pDNA is enhanced by death of the bacteria inside the host cell [17]. One strategy to achieve intracellular rupture of the vector is through the use of cell wall deficient bacteria. In this proposal, a strain Y. ruckeri lacking the ability to synthesize the cell wall component diaminopimelic acid (DAP) will be exploited. In the absence of an exogenous source of DAP, the bacteria cannot synthesize the peptide cross bridges of the peptidoglycan cell wall and will undergo autolysis during subsequent growth. Two engineered plasmids will be utilized for the proposed studies, one vaccine and one control. The vaccine plasmid will have the full glycoprotein from Y. ruckeri cloned in downstream of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The control plasmid will have firefly luciferase reporter gene also cloned in downstream of a CMV promoter. To summarize these experimental components; bacterial vector strain ÃŽ ±, vaccine ÃŽ ² and control ÃŽ ³ plasmids:      Ã‚   ÃŽ ± Y. ruckeri 11.29Δdap Isolated from Chinook salmon, dapA mutant [18] ÃŽ ²pIHNV-G Complete IHNV glycoprotein (G) gene inserted into pcDNA3 (Fig.1), downstream of CMV promoter [19] ÃŽ ³pLUC Firefly luciferase reported inserted into pcDNA3 (Fig.1), downstream of CMV promoter [18] The proposed model of plasmid mediated vaccine delivery in this system is multi-step: Vector harboring plasmid pIHNV-G enters a cell via endocytosis or phagocytosis Facilitated by Δdap, pDNA is liberated in the cytoplasm via bacterial lysis pDNA is transported to the nucleus Encoded antigen is expressed and processed, inducing an immune response In vitro studies: Transformation of bacterial vector with vaccine and control plasmids Competent Y. ruckeri strain11.29Δdap will be transformed with either pIHNV-G or pLUC by electroporation or chemical methods. Successful transformants will be screened by growth on appropriate media agar plates supplemented with ampicillin and DAP. Examination of transfection frequency via flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy For tissue culture experiments, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryonic cells (CHSE-214), and normal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cells (RTgill-W1) will be employed. These cell lines are relevant to the species and aquaculture context of interest for this research proposal. Both are relatively easy to culture, e.g. not requiring increased [CO2] or temperature. Transformed bacteria (11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G, or 11.29Δdap-pLUC) will be co-incubated with sub-confluent layers of each cell line and transfection frequency / gene delivery with reporter plasmid will be assessed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Quantitative assessment of vector invasiveness by gentamicin protection assay Invasiveness of 11.29Δdap, 11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G, and 11.29Δdap-pLUC will be quantitatively assessed by gentamicin protection assays. Briefly, each cell line will be co-incubated with the vector (11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G, or 11.29Δdap-pLUC) at a multiplicity of infection of ~100 bacteria per tissue culture cell and incubated for 2h. At 24 and 48h post-incubation, cell monolayers will be fixed and analyzed via fluorescence microscopy for luciferase expression. In vivo studies: Routine maintenance of rainbow trout treatment / exposure groups in aquaria Transformed bacterial vector will also used to treat O. mykiss in vivo through dosed aquaculture immersion. Adolescent O. mykiss fry will be maintained at 12 °C in appropriately sized aquaria with filtration and aeration and water quality factors (e.g. pH, NH3, Cl) with daily feeding and 5% water changes. In preparation for treatment, fish will be moved to separate isolated 40L aquaria with filtration with feeling and 25% water changes every two days. The proposed experimental treatment / exposure groups will be as follows: 11.29Δdap 11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G 11.29Δdap-pLUC Intramuscular injection of purified pIHNV-G Intramuscular injection of purified pLUC Intramuscular injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  vector, plasmid, or injection (anesthesia only) Exposure of O. mykiss with bacterial vector harboring vaccine or control plasmid For treatment with bacterial vector (with or without pDNA), experimental fish will be transferred from their 40L tank to sterile 4L beakers of water (aerated, 12 °C). Appropriate vector will be dosed into the beaker via serological pipette for a final concentration of approximately 107 cfu ml-1, and fish incubated for 1h [18]. Following treatment, fish will be transferred back to their respective 40L tank and maintained as previously described. Exposure of O. mykiss to purified plasmid or PBS control by intramuscular injection For injection treatments, fish will be transported to beakers of sterile 4L beakers of water (aerated, 12 °C) and an anesthetizing dose of Finquel added. Once visibly anesthetized (attenuated movement and muscle tone, reduced respiration) [20], fish will be treated. A volume of 100ÃŽ ¼L of purified pIHNV-G or pLUC resuspended in PBS, will be intramuscularly injected (1ÃŽ ¼g total plasmid), 100 ÃŽ ¼L PBS, or anesthetized with no injection, Once injected, fresh water will be added and fish were monitored until consciousness is regained, and transferred back to their respective 40L tank and maintained as previously described. Lethal challenge of O. mykiss with pathogenic IHNV and quantifying response to vectors After vector or control treatment (14d), fish remaining from each sample group will be challenged with 5104 pfu ml-1 of pathogenic IHNV [21, 22] for 5h. Mortalities will be recorded daily for 30d after viral challenge. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14d post vector treatment, or 3, 5, 7, and 14d post injection, fish will be removed from their respective treatment tanks and euthanized with a lethal dose of Finquel. The spleen and kidneys of each fish will be surgically removed, placed in an RNA stabilization reagent, and stored at -20 °C until processing. Organ samples will be homogenized with zirconia/silica beads in a tissue lysis buffer, RNA purified from the homogenate, and synthesis of cDNA performed. Gene expression of Mx-1, Vig-1, TNF-ÃŽ ±1, TNF-ÃŽ ±2, IFN1 and IFN2 [23] will be measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) relative to housekeeping gene ARP [24], and analyzed by the ΔΔCt method. In previous studies, levels of expression for the genes of interest in thi s proposal have been revealed to be altered in fish exposed to IHNV [19, 23, 25]. Discussion / Impacts: Salmonids, particularly rainbow trout, are globally one of the most scientifically studied and extensively farmed fish [26, 27]. As previously mentioned, aquaculture is utilized worldwide as a major food production method. This necessitates the demand for economically sustainable disease prevention techniques to help preclude economically devastating loss of business due to mortality. This research proposal aims to validate that an attenuated bacterial vector can effectively deliver a plasmid mediated gene based vaccine for IHNV to rainbow trout in vivo, and invoke an immune response that will protect against future exposure to the pathogen. It is postulated that exposure to 11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G will invoke the most significant immune response in treated fish compared to other treatment groups. Furthermore, this treatment will induce the highest level of protection from a subsequent lethal challenge of IHNV. If successful in this regard, an aquaculture based dosing method exploiting plasmid harboring attenuated bacteria would represent a relatively inexpensive and non-labor intensive vaccination method. Further investigating A 16K and 32K cDNA salmonid cDNA microarray have recently been developed and are obtainable through the Genomic Research on Atlantic Salmon Project (GRASP) [28].

Drama piece using different extracts from other plays and social :: Drama

Drama piece using different extracts from other plays and social references from television programmes Drama essay one part two In our drama piece we are using different extract from other plays and social references from television programmes. We have also used song lyrics, which fitted the mood and context of the piece to inspire us and add to the drama. The portrayal in books and film has helped us to build up our characters and to see the reactions from the different times in which book like 'The cement garden' and films such as 'Girl, interrupted' are set. We used an extract of Macbeth's which we adapted to fit the performance using Lady Macbeth and the doctors lines, symbolising the problems as well as the cure all represented within one character shows the personality of the character, ie that she is self-aware, and tries to solve her own problems. The style and way it is performed as well as the difference in language makes it easily recognisable as Shakespeare, the genre is similar, with murder and influencing characters such as the Witches or our masked characters. Both Macbeth and our performance have an influential lead female, and also the male lead who is very confused with conflicting feelings. The times are very different; ours is modern whilst Macbeth is Shakespearian, written at the time of James I and was based on real characters, whilst ours is fictional. In Shakespearean times, Lady Macbeth would be washing her hands like our female character and may even be washing her hands in blood, this would all be on stage as Shakespeare likes the audience to see everything. Lady Macbeth is a very unstable character, similar to our female lead, and the washing of hands is a classic sign of mental instability. In The Crucible the style is quite different to our piece as there are much more main characters in The Crucible, but also similar because of the two female and one male relationship in both pieces. The Brother in our piece is similar to John Proctor, as they both have two love interests and choose the 'right' person. The Crucible is also set in early America, very different to our modern piece. The cultures at the time of The Crucible portray stereotypical views of young women and relationships and would look down on anything different. This is displayed within our performance with the brother being ashamed of himself for loving his sister; Proctor is also ashamed of his feelings for Abigail. We used songs with lyrics that fitted the mood and context of the scene and looked at the way incest is portrayed on television.